Difference between revisions of "Why Nobody Cares About Free Pragmatic"

From
Jump to: navigation, search
m
m
 
(3 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It addresses issues like what do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users interact and communicate with one with one another. It is often seen as a part or language, but it is different from semantics because pragmatics is focused on what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic discipline within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. Conceptual and lexical strategies for pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has focused on a wide range of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on the database used. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank is dependent on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the best pragmatics authors solely according to the number of publications they have published. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for  [http://gdchuanxin.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=4159713 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] 슬롯 환수율 ([https://bookmarkspot.win/story.php?title=responsible-for-an-pragmatic-free-trial-slot-buff-budget-twelve-top-ways-to-spend-your-money Bookmarkspot explains]) example, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on the ways in which one phrase can be understood as meaning different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine which utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, whereas other argue that this kind of issue should be viewed as pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as a branch of linguistics or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics, etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it examines the ways that our ideas about the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a few key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested for instance, that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it studies how people perceive and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what was actually said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this study ought to be considered an academic discipline because it studies the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence. These are the issues discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the meaning of an expression.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It studies the way that the human language is utilized in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are different opinions about the line between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deal with the relationship of signs to objects they may or  [https://maps.google.no/url?q=https://bbs.pku.edu.cn/v2/jump-to.php?url=https://copydesign14.bravejournal.net/why-we-why-we-pragmatic-play-and-you-should-also 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] not denote,  [https://www.google.co.uz/url?q=https://postheaven.net/painheight12/10-things-competitors-teach-you-about-pragmatic-free 프라그마틱 무료스핀] whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They argue that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same word could have different meanings in different contexts, based on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because different cultures have different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and  [http://jade-crack.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1249531 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] much research is being conducted in this area. There are many different areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in several different directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse,  [http://www.1moli.top/home.php?mod=space&uid=186324 무료 프라그마틱] language, and meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is unclear and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the same thing.<br><br>The debate over these positions is usually an ongoing debate scholars argue that certain phenomena fall under the rubric of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement is interpreted with an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways in which an word can be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine both approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.
+
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It addresses questions such as what do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak find meaning from and each with each other. It is often viewed as a part of the language however it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics studies what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has been growing rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic area of study within linguistics, [https://www.metooo.com/u/66e4271bf2059b59ef31a91d 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법] 무료슬롯 ([https://www.bitsdujour.com/profiles/y9Ctmy bitsdujour.Com]) but it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it relates to the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a variety of topics such as L2 pragmatic understanding, request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It is also applied to social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics by their publications only. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It studies the ways in which one utterance can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine which phrases have a message. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one There is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. For example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as to be a linguistics branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology, semantics and more. Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways in which our concepts of the meanings and functions of language affect our theories of how languages function.<br><br>There are a few key issues in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled much of this debate. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without using any data about what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the manner the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It focuses on how humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also divergent views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He asserts semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said,  [https://tagoverflow.stream/story.php?title=14-creative-ways-to-spend-leftover-pragmatic-slot-recommendations-budget 무료 프라그마틱] 슬롯 사이트 - [https://images.google.bg/url?q=https://mcallister-tonnesen-2.technetbloggers.de/5-laws-to-help-the-how-to-check-the-authenticity-of-pragmatic-industry recommended site], while far-side is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that semantics determines certain aspects of the meaning of a statement, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in various situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in the field. The main areas of research are computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research, which focuses on issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>One of the main questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or  [http://forum.ressourcerie.fr/index.php?qa=user&qa_1=doctorarea27 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] not it is possible to have an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways that the expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far-side approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's intentions and [https://nicpilot8.werite.net/10-meetups-on-pragmatic-site-you-should-attend 프라그마틱] beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and this is why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust compared to other plausible implications.

Latest revision as of 08:57, 25 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It addresses questions such as what do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles no matter what.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak find meaning from and each with each other. It is often viewed as a part of the language however it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics studies what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.

As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has been growing rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic area of study within linguistics, 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법 무료슬롯 (bitsdujour.Com) but it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and anthropology.

There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it relates to the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have studied.

The study of pragmatics has been focused on a variety of topics such as L2 pragmatic understanding, request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It is also applied to social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics by their publications only. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It studies the ways in which one utterance can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine which phrases have a message. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one There is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. For example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.

Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as to be a linguistics branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology, semantics and more. Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways in which our concepts of the meanings and functions of language affect our theories of how languages function.

There are a few key issues in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled much of this debate. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without using any data about what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the manner the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It focuses on how humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also divergent views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He asserts semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, 무료 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트 - recommended site, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that semantics determines certain aspects of the meaning of a statement, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in various situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in the field. The main areas of research are computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.

In recent times the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research, which focuses on issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.

One of the main questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료 not it is possible to have an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the same thing.

It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways that the expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often called "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far-side approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's intentions and 프라그마틱 beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and this is why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust compared to other plausible implications.