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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It deals with questions such as What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the belief that one should adhere to their principles regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language communicate and interact with each with one another. It is often thought of as a part of a language, but it is different from semantics since it is focused on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a research area, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a language academic field, but it has also affected research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and  [https://thegreatbookmark.com/story18128355/15-pragmatic-return-rate-benefits-everyone-needs-to-be-able-to 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] growth. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a vast variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and  라이브 카지노 ([https://bookmarkmargin.com Bookmarkmargin.Com]) the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, however their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini for instance, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language as opposed to the study of truth or reference, or grammar. It examines the ways in which one utterance can be understood to mean different things in different contexts as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine if words are meant to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature, pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely known, it isn't always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a part of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be considered part of the philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways in which our concepts of the meaning and use of language influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are several key issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate. Some scholars have suggested for instance, that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it studies how people perceive and use language without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This kind of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this field ought to be considered an academic discipline because it examines the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more depth. Both papers discuss the notions saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are crucial processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language. It analyzes how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intent of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also different views on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two distinct topics. He argues that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They argue that some of the 'pragmatics' of an utterance is already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on factors like ambiguity or indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics, and [https://tvsocialnews.com/story3495479/the-pragmatic-kr-success-story-you-ll-never-believe 무료 프라그마틱] a lot of research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of research, including formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It analyzes the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics has a link to other areas of study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, addressing topics such as the role of lexical elements and the interaction between language and discourse and [https://bookmarkcitizen.com/story18114744/let-s-get-it-out-of-the-way-15-things-about-how-to-check-the-authenticity-of-pragmatic-we-re-sick-of-hearing 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법] the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have an exhaustive,  [https://networkbookmarks.com/story18094034/the-reason-behind-pragmatic-ranking-has-become-everyone-s-obsession-in-2024 라이브 카지노] systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is unclear and that pragmatics and semantics are really the identical.<br><br>The debate over these positions is often a tussle and scholars arguing that certain events are a part of either semantics or pragmatics. For instance some scholars believe that if an utterance has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways that the word can be interpreted, and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance by demonstrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so robust in comparison to other possible implications.
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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the relationship between language and context. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and sensible action. It's in opposition to idealism, the notion that you must always abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how language users communicate and interact with each other. It is often thought of as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics in that it focuses on what the user wants to convey, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research it is still young and [https://dailybookmarkhit.com/story18134761/is-pragmatic-return-rate-as-crucial-as-everyone-says 프라그마틱 사이트] 추천 [[https://bookmarkvids.com/story19302279/15-documentaries-that-are-best-about-pragmatic-return-rate bookmarkvids.com]] its research has expanded quickly in the past few decades. It is a linguistics academic field, but it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and [https://7prbookmarks.com/story18108210/what-you-can-use-a-weekly-pragmatic-slots-site-project-can-change-your-life 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] 불법 ([https://wiishlist.com/story18639808/are-you-making-the-most-the-use-of-your-pragmatic-kr wiishlist.Com]) demand production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, yet their rankings differ by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language usage instead of focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on the ways in which an expression can be understood to mean different things in different contexts, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one There is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. For example philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as to be a linguistics branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories about how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a number of key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right because it examines the ways in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. These are issues that are addressed in greater detail in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are crucial processes that help shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It studies the way that human language is used during social interactions and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of speakers. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Certain approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, including philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also divergent opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on the words spoken, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of research, including pragmatics that are computational and formal, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and [https://icelisting.com/story19136973/the-most-pervasive-issues-with-pragmatic-korea 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] intercultural linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the utterance and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics, such as semantics, syntax, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in several different directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics in conversation, [https://pr7bookmark.com/story18328558/five-killer-quora-answers-to-pragmatic-official-website 무료슬롯 프라그마틱] and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research, which addresses topics such as lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics one of the main issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that they're the same.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to argue back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars say that if a statement is interpreted with a literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different view, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which an word can be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far side methods. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 19:45, 20 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics examines the relationship between language and context. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?

It's a philosophies of practical and sensible action. It's in opposition to idealism, the notion that you must always abide to your beliefs.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how language users communicate and interact with each other. It is often thought of as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics in that it focuses on what the user wants to convey, not on what the actual meaning is.

As a field of research it is still young and 프라그마틱 사이트 추천 [bookmarkvids.com] its research has expanded quickly in the past few decades. It is a linguistics academic field, but it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology and the field of anthropology.

There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.

The research in pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료 불법 (wiishlist.Com) demand production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, yet their rankings differ by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language usage instead of focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on the ways in which an expression can be understood to mean different things in different contexts, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one There is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. For example philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.

Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as to be a linguistics branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories about how languages function.

This debate has been fueled by a number of key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right because it examines the ways in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. These are issues that are addressed in greater detail in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are crucial processes that help shape the overall meaning an utterance.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It studies the way that human language is used during social interactions and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.

Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of speakers. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Certain approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, including philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also divergent opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on the words spoken, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.

The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.

There are various perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of research, including pragmatics that are computational and formal, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 intercultural linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the utterance and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics, such as semantics, syntax, and the philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in several different directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics in conversation, 무료슬롯 프라그마틱 and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research, which addresses topics such as lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.

In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics one of the main issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that they're the same.

It is not unusual for scholars to argue back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars say that if a statement is interpreted with a literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different view, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which an word can be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far side methods. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.