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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It addresses questions such as What do people actually mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must always abide to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak get meaning from and with each one another. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it differs from semantics because pragmatics is focused on what the user is trying to communicate, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area the field of pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field but it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics that focuses on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has focused on a wide range of subjects that include L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to social and [https://images.google.com.my/url?q=https://zenwriting.net/outputbaby3/what-do-you-know-about-pragmatic-recommendations 프라그마틱 게임] [http://ezproxy.cityu.edu.hk/login?url=https://telegra.ph/It-Is-The-History-Of-Pragmatic-Slots-Return-Rate-In-10-Milestones-09-18 슬롯]체험 - [https://bookmarkfeeds.stream/story.php?title=10-mistaken-answers-to-common-pragmatic-korea-questions-do-you-know-the-right-ones recent bookmarkfeeds.stream blog post], cultural phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors of pragmatics based on their publications only. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics through concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and  [https://bookmarkfeeds.stream/story.php?title=10-misconceptions-that-your-boss-may-have-about-pragmatic-slots-free-trial 무료슬롯 프라그마틱] the users of language rather than with truth grammar, reference, or. It studies the ways that an expression can be understood to mean different things from different contexts, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine if phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and established one There is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, whereas others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology, semantics and more. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language because it deals with the ways that our concepts of the meaning and use of language influence our theories about how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a handful of issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people perceive and use the language without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This sort of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this field should be considered as an independent discipline because it studies the ways that cultural and social influences influence the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater depth. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to linguistic meaning. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intention of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are different opinions regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He claims semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics while the rest is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single word can have different meanings based on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in various situations. For instance, it's acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being conducted in this field. The main areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated through language in context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and [https://anotepad.com/notes/2hgwp7rj 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] beliefs affect the interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics, or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical elements and the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they are the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two views and argue that certain phenomena fall under either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement is interpreted with the literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is only one of many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This is commonly referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the full range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and this is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable in comparison to other possible implications.
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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It addresses issues like what do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users interact and communicate with one with one another. It is often seen as a part or language, but it is different from semantics because pragmatics is focused on what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic discipline within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. Conceptual and lexical strategies for pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has focused on a wide range of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on the database used. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank is dependent on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the best pragmatics authors solely according to the number of publications they have published. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for  [http://gdchuanxin.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=4159713 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] 슬롯 환수율 ([https://bookmarkspot.win/story.php?title=responsible-for-an-pragmatic-free-trial-slot-buff-budget-twelve-top-ways-to-spend-your-money Bookmarkspot explains]) example, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on the ways in which one phrase can be understood as meaning different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine which utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, whereas other argue that this kind of issue should be viewed as pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as a branch of linguistics or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics, etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it examines the ways that our ideas about the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a few key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested for instance, that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it studies how people perceive and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what was actually said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this study ought to be considered an academic discipline because it studies the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence. These are the issues discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the meaning of an expression.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It studies the way that the human language is utilized in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are different opinions about the line between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deal with the relationship of signs to objects they may or [https://maps.google.no/url?q=https://bbs.pku.edu.cn/v2/jump-to.php?url=https://copydesign14.bravejournal.net/why-we-why-we-pragmatic-play-and-you-should-also 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] not denote,  [https://www.google.co.uz/url?q=https://postheaven.net/painheight12/10-things-competitors-teach-you-about-pragmatic-free 프라그마틱 무료스핀] whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They argue that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same word could have different meanings in different contexts, based on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because different cultures have different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and [http://jade-crack.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1249531 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] much research is being conducted in this area. There are many different areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in several different directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse,  [http://www.1moli.top/home.php?mod=space&uid=186324 무료 프라그마틱] language, and meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is unclear and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the same thing.<br><br>The debate over these positions is usually an ongoing debate scholars argue that certain phenomena fall under the rubric of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement is interpreted with an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways in which an word can be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine both approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 16:11, 21 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It addresses issues like what do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide by your principles.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users interact and communicate with one with one another. It is often seen as a part or language, but it is different from semantics because pragmatics is focused on what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.

As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic discipline within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. Conceptual and lexical strategies for pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.

The study of pragmatics has focused on a wide range of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on the database used. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank is dependent on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to determine the best pragmatics authors solely according to the number of publications they have published. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료 슬롯 환수율 (Bookmarkspot explains) example, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on the ways in which one phrase can be understood as meaning different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine which utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, whereas other argue that this kind of issue should be viewed as pragmatic.

Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as a branch of linguistics or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics, etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it examines the ways that our ideas about the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages work.

The debate has been fuelled by a few key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested for instance, that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it studies how people perceive and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what was actually said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this study ought to be considered an academic discipline because it studies the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.

The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence. These are the issues discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the meaning of an expression.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It studies the way that the human language is utilized in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.

There are different opinions about the line between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deal with the relationship of signs to objects they may or 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료 not denote, 프라그마틱 무료스핀 whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They argue that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.

The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same word could have different meanings in different contexts, based on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.

A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because different cultures have different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트 much research is being conducted in this area. There are many different areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by language use in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in several different directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse, 무료 프라그마틱 language, and meaning.

One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is unclear and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the same thing.

The debate over these positions is usually an ongoing debate scholars argue that certain phenomena fall under the rubric of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement is interpreted with an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways in which an word can be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often called far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine both approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.