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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It asks questions like What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and sensible action. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language communicate and [https://migcable.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 데모] interact with each and with each other. It is often viewed as a part of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has been expanding rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field but it has also affected research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology, and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has focused on a broad range of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding and production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in research on pragmatics. However, their position is dependent on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics by the number of publications they have. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. For  [http://lnmebell.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 무료] instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one however, there is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For instance philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics and more. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it examines how our ideas about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are a few key issues in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled much of this debate. Some scholars have suggested, [https://dobrye-nochi.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬] for example, that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to the facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this research ought to be considered a discipline of its own because it studies the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and usage of language. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature of utterances and the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in a sentence. These are issues that are addressed in greater detail in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment, which are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they aid in shaping the meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It studies the way that the human language is utilized in social interaction and 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 ([https://delicishop.by:443/bitrix/rk.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ Delicishop.By]) the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatics theories have been merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also divergent opinions on the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct subjects. He asserts semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on the words spoken, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of an expression, whereas other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same phrase can have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because every culture has its own rules regarding what is acceptable in various situations. For instance, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this area. There are a variety of areas of research, including pragmatics that are computational and formal, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in a context. It evaluates the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research, which focuses on topics such as lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language, and meaning.<br><br>One of the main issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop a rigorous, systematic account of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and [https://onlinekkt.com:443/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 라이브 카지노] that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. For example, some scholars argue that if an expression has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different approach, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which an word can be interpreted, and [https://3004646.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 정품] that all of these interpretations are valid. This is commonly called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side, attempting to capture the full range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by demonstrating how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts listeners will entertain many possible exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable compared to other plausible implications.
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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the relationship between language and context. It addresses questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable action. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users gain meaning from and each other. It is often viewed as a component of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics examines what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field however, it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. Conceptual and lexical strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their rankings differ by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors according to their number of publications alone. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For  [http://yd.yichang.cc/home.php?mod=space&uid=829875 프라그마틱 체험] 추천 ([http://goodjobdongguan.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=4904894 http://goodjobdongguan.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=4904894]) example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language as opposed to the study of truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which phrases have a message. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and that it should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it examines the way in which our beliefs about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it examines how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being spoken by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and [http://bbs.01bim.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1344591 프라그마틱 무료체험] Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It studies the way that the human language is utilized in social interactions and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He claims semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of a statement, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same phrase could have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an expression include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is because each culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in various situations. In some cultures, 프라그마틱 추천 ([https://www.ky58.cc/dz/home.php?mod=space&uid=2064823 www.ky58.cc]) it's considered polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and [http://lsrczx.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=385109 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] much research is being conducted in this area. There are many different areas of research, including computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation, with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. There is a variety of research in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical elements, the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop an accurate, [https://king-bookmark.stream/story.php?title=7-essential-tips-for-making-the-most-out-of-your-pragmatic-experience 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is unclear and that pragmatics and semantics are in fact the identical.<br><br>The debate over these positions is often a tussle and scholars arguing that particular events are a part of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement carries a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to represent the entire range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of a speech that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when compared to other plausible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 04:46, 24 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics examines the relationship between language and context. It addresses questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable action. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs no matter what.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users gain meaning from and each other. It is often viewed as a component of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics examines what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.

As a field of study, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field however, it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology and Anthropology.

There are many different ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. Conceptual and lexical strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.

The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their rankings differ by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors according to their number of publications alone. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For 프라그마틱 체험 추천 (http://goodjobdongguan.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=4904894) example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language as opposed to the study of truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which phrases have a message. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be considered pragmatic.

Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and that it should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it examines the way in which our beliefs about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories of how languages function.

The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it examines how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being spoken by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and 프라그마틱 무료체험 Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they shape the meaning of an utterance.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It studies the way that the human language is utilized in social interactions and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.

There are also a variety of views regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He claims semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of a statement, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.

The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same phrase could have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an expression include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is because each culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in various situations. In some cultures, 프라그마틱 추천 (www.ky58.cc) it's considered polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are various perspectives on pragmatics and 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프 much research is being conducted in this area. There are many different areas of research, including computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation, with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.

In recent times the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. There is a variety of research in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical elements, the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop an accurate, 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트 systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is unclear and that pragmatics and semantics are in fact the identical.

The debate over these positions is often a tussle and scholars arguing that particular events are a part of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement carries a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to represent the entire range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of a speech that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when compared to other plausible implicatures.