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Robert Isom

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Robert D. Isom
NationalityAmerican
EducationUniversity of Notre Dame (BS, BA); University of Michigan (MBA)
OccupationAirline executive
CompanyAmerican Airlines Group Inc.
TitleChief Executive Officer and President

Robert D. Isom is an American airline executive who serves as chief executive officer and president of American Airlines Group Inc. and its principal subsidiary, American Airlines, Inc., the Fort Worth, Texas based carrier listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the ticker AAL.[1] Isom became chief executive on 31 March 2022, succeeding Doug Parker, after serving as the airline's president since 2016 and as executive vice president and chief operating officer of American and, before that, of US Airways.[2]

Isom spent nearly his entire career in commercial aviation, moving between Northwest Airlines, America West Airlines, the mortgage lender GMAC LLC and US Airways before the 2013 merger of US Airways and American Airlines placed him in a senior operating role at the combined carrier.[3][4] As chief executive he has overseen American through the final stage of the post pandemic recovery, a series of contentious labor negotiations with its pilots and flight attendants, and the January 2025 collision of American Eagle Flight 5342 near Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, the deadliest commercial air crash involving an American carrier in more than two decades.[5]

American Airlines Group reported total operating revenues of $54.6 billion and approximately 139,100 full time equivalent employees for 2025, with a mainline fleet of 1,013 aircraft, making it one of the largest airlines in the world by several measures during Isom's tenure as chief executive.[6] He also holds outside leadership roles in the wider industry, chairing the United States airline trade association Airlines for America and the governing board of the oneworld airline alliance, and serving on the International Air Transport Association's board of governors.[7]

Isom was born in the early 1960s. A Dallas Morning News profile published in December 2021 described Isom as 58 years old at the time,[4] and the company's 2025 and 2026 proxy statements list his age as 61 as of April 2025 and 62 as of April 2026 respectively.[8][7] No exact birth date has been publicly disclosed.

Early life and education

Isom was raised outside Detroit, Michigan.[4] He studied at the University of Notre Dame, where he earned two undergraduate degrees simultaneously, a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering and a Bachelor of Arts in English, an unusual pairing of a technical and a humanities degree that American Airlines' own biography of him has continued to highlight throughout his career.[9][7] After graduating he took his first job at The Procter & Gamble Company, a consumer products company unconnected to aviation, before giving up that position in his late twenties to return to Michigan for a Master of Business Administration degree at the University of Michigan.[9][4] It was that return to graduate school that led him into the airline industry, when he sought out a job at Northwest Airlines on finishing his degree.[4]

Career

Northwest Airlines and America West Airlines, 1990s

In his late twenties, after giving up his position at Procter & Gamble to pursue his MBA, Isom entered the airline industry at Northwest Airlines, based outside Minneapolis.[4] He was encouraged to apply by a friend, Derek Kerr, who would later become American Airlines' chief financial officer, and the hiring decision at Northwest was made by Doug Parker, then a Northwest finance executive.[4] Parker and Isom went on to work together, in one capacity or another, for the next three decades.[4][10] According to American Airlines' own corporate biography of Isom, he held the positions of vice president of finance, vice president of international, and senior vice president of ground operations and airport customer service at Northwest.[9] In 1995, Isom followed Parker to America West Airlines in Phoenix, Arizona, where Parker had become chief financial officer. Isom remained with America West until 2000, holding executive roles in revenue management, operations and finance.[9]

GMAC and the return to US Airways, 2000s

Isom subsequently left the airline industry to become chief restructuring officer of GMAC, LLC, the General Motors affiliated mortgage and finance company.[9][10] America West acquired US Airways in September 2005 and adopted the US Airways name; Isom rejoined the renamed carrier in 2007 as executive vice president and chief operating officer, working again under Parker, who by then led the combined airline.[7][4]

American Airlines Group: chief operating officer and president, 2013 to 2022

US Airways Group and AMR Corporation, the parent of American Airlines, completed their merger in December 2013 while AMR was in bankruptcy proceedings, creating what was then the world's largest airline by traffic.[4][11] Isom retained his title of executive vice president and chief operating officer in the newly combined American Airlines Group and played a central role in integrating the operations of American and US Airways into a single carrier, including the work of combining the two airlines' separate government operating certificates into one; the Dallas Morning News reported that, as chief operating officer, Isom publicly displayed the single operating certificate that resulted from that integration.[7][4] He held the chief operating officer role until 2016, when Scott Kirby, then American's president, left to become president and later chief executive of United Airlines; Isom was promoted to president of American Airlines Group and American Airlines in his place.[4][7] As president, Isom oversaw the airline's operations, planning, marketing, sales, alliances and pricing functions.[9][10] In American's December 2021 succession announcement, Isom said that under his watch as president the airline had, together with its regional partners, grown to fly more passengers than any other United States airline on what the company described as the youngest fleet among the network carriers, with more than 130,000 employees at the time.[10]

Succession and the start of the chief executive tenure, 2021 to 2022

On 7 December 2021, American Airlines Group announced that Parker would retire as chief executive on 31 March 2022 and that Isom, as president, would succeed him, joining the company's board of directors on the same date; Parker continued as chairman of the board.[10][11] In the companies' joint announcement, Parker said he had worked with Isom "for two decades" and called him "a collaborative leader with deep operational expertise and global industry experience," while Isom said he was "humbled to serve as CEO of American Airlines."[10] John Cahill, then the board's lead independent director and now its chairman, said the succession plan reflected "a thoughtful and well-crafted succession planning process."[10][7] Isom became chief executive and joined the board as scheduled on 31 March 2022.[10][7]

Before formally taking over as chief executive, Isom was named on 17 March 2022 to the United States Department of Homeland Security's Homeland Security Advisory Council by then Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas, who announced 33 new members of the council; Isom was listed in the announcement as "incoming Chief Executive Officer, American Airlines."[12]

Labor negotiations, 2023 to 2024

A substantial part of Isom's early tenure as chief executive was occupied by renegotiating contracts with American's two largest unions, against a backdrop of rich new contracts elsewhere in the industry: earlier in 2023, Delta Air Lines' pilots had ratified a contract raising their pay 34 percent over four years, and American's pilots argued they needed an even larger increase to close the gap with Delta's richer profit sharing program.[13] In November 2022, the Allied Pilots Association's board rejected a company offer that would have raised pilot pay 19 percent over two years, and in May 2023 American's pilots voted overwhelmingly to authorize a strike, although federal law makes a strike by airline workers difficult to carry out.[13] Isom said in March 2023 that American was prepared to offer pilots 40 percent more in pay and retirement contributions, which he said would raise total pay and benefits for a captain of a single aisle aircraft such as the Boeing 737 to $475,000 a year, and to $590,000 a year for captains of larger aircraft such as the Boeing 777 and 787.[13] On 19 May 2023, American reached a tentative four year agreement with the Allied Pilots Association that the company said would give pilots pay and profit sharing that matched "the top of the industry"; the agreement went to the union's board before a ratification vote by its members, and an American spokeswoman said the company was pleased to reach an agreement that would pay pilots "well and competitively."[13]

Negotiations with the Association of Professional Flight Attendants proved more protracted. By mid 2024 the union had been bargaining for a new contract for more than three years, and its members had not received a pay increase in five years.[14] In June 2024, Isom wrote directly to American's flight attendants offering an immediate 17 percent wage increase and a revised profit sharing formula "with no strings attached," bypassing the union's bargaining committee; the Association of Professional Flight Attendants rejected the approach as an attempt to undercut collective bargaining, and its president, Julie Hedrick, said flight attendants were "ready to strike."[15] The dispute drew the attention of the Biden administration before it was resolved. On 12 September 2024, American's flight attendants voted to ratify a new five year contract that CNBC reported gave cabin crews "more than 20%" in immediate raises.[16] American's 2024 annual report confirmed that, following these negotiations, the pilots' contract was not amendable again until 2027 and the flight attendants' contract not until 2029.[17]

American Eagle Flight 5342, January 2025

On 29 January 2025, American Eagle Flight 5342, a Bombardier CRJ700 operated on American's behalf by its wholly owned regional subsidiary PSA Airlines, collided in midair with a United States Army Sikorsky UH-60L helicopter while approaching Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport from Wichita, Kansas. All 67 people aboard the airplane, including its two pilots and two flight attendants, and all three helicopter crew members, were killed.[5] In a video statement issued the day of the crash, Isom said: "First and most importantly, I'd like to express our deep sorrow about these events. This is a difficult day for all of us at American Airlines and our efforts now are focused entirely on the needs of our passengers, crew members, partners, first responders, along with their families and loved ones."[18] Isom added that American was "cooperating fully with the National Transportation Safety Board and its investigation."[18] He travelled to Washington, D.C. with an American Airlines team and, on 30 January 2025, joined federal and local officials at a press conference at Reagan National Airport, where he described the crash as "devastating" and said the company was "absolutely heartbroken."[18] Isom said American deployed members of its "Go team," the airline's dedicated crisis response unit, to assist the friends and family of those affected, and acknowledged that it would "take time" for the company to learn everything it could about the crash.[18]

The National Transportation Safety Board's investigation found that the probable cause of the collision involved the Federal Aviation Administration's placement of a helicopter route in close proximity to the airport's runway approach path, combined with broader failures in air traffic safety oversight and the air traffic control system's reliance on visual separation between aircraft; the board issued 57 safety recommendations arising from the accident.[5] American Airlines Group's 2025 annual report stated that the accident reduced the company's first quarter 2025 total operating revenues by approximately $200 million, an amount not covered by insurance, and disclosed that families of multiple passengers had filed lawsuits against the United States government, PSA Airlines and American seeking unspecified damages.[6]

Leadership and management style

Analysts and colleagues have repeatedly described Isom as an operationally focused executive, in contrast to Parker's background in finance and dealmaking. When Isom's appointment as chief executive was announced in December 2021, aviation analyst Helane Becker wrote in a note to investors that she did not expect "much to change at American" under Isom but that he would focus on operations, his "wheelhouse," including on time performance and aircraft inductions.[4] Parker himself said in 2021 that Isom was "a collaborative leader with deep operational expertise" whose work to "guide and support our team throughout the pandemic" had been significant, and John Cahill, the board's lead independent director at the time, called Isom "an excellent team builder who has worked to bring people together throughout his career."[10]

Isom's approach to the 2024 flight attendants dispute illustrated a more confrontational side of his leadership: rather than negotiate only through the bargaining table, he wrote directly to flight attendants with a pay offer, bypassing their union's leadership, a move the Association of Professional Flight Attendants characterized as an attempt to weaken collective bargaining.[15] American's compensation committee has also tied a large share of Isom's own pay to company performance rather than fixed salary: for 2025, 91 percent of his target annual direct compensation was classified as "at risk," tied to the company's profitability, operational reliability, team member engagement, debt reduction and share price performance.[7] When American did not meet the adjusted pre-tax income threshold required for 2025 short term incentive payouts, Isom chose not to accept any short term incentive award for the year, even though the award would otherwise have been available to him; other named executive officers received an incentive payment equal to about 51 percent of target, based on operational reliability and employee engagement results.[7] American's governance policies also constrain how Isom and other executives may hold and trade company stock: executives are required to hold shares worth at least six times the chief executive's base salary, or a fixed 116,667 shares, before they may freely sell equity awarded to them, and the company prohibits its executive officers from hedging their American stock or pledging it as loan collateral.[7] Since October 2023, American has also maintained a clawback policy allowing the board to recover incentive based compensation, including Isom's, that was erroneously awarded because of a later accounting restatement, regardless of whether the executive engaged in misconduct.[7]

Major deals and strategic decisions

Unlike Parker, who built American largely through the consolidation of America West, US Airways and AMR Corporation, Isom has not led a major airline merger as chief executive; American's most recent merger predates his promotion by nearly a decade.[11] His tenure as chief executive has instead centered on continuing the integration and modernization of the merged airline, including fleet renewal, growth of the company's loyalty program, and efforts to close a long standing profit margin gap with other network carriers, a gap the company's own executive pay plan explicitly tracks.[7] American's mainline fleet grew from 965 aircraft at the end of 2023 to 1,013 aircraft at the end of 2025.[19][6]

Under the long term incentive plan American's board adopted for Isom and other executives in 2025, half of the performance vesting component of executive pay is tied to improving American's EBITDAR margin gap against its network carrier peers, with the remaining half weighted toward reducing total debt, improving earnings per share and raising the company's net promoter score, alongside a stock price performance modifier.[7] American has also pursued multiple financing transactions to fund fleet purchases and strengthen its balance sheet, including approximately $978 million raised through enhanced equipment trust certificates and $840 million in net proceeds from fuel financing transactions in 2025 alone, along with $1.2 billion of equipment loans and other notes payable issued to finance aircraft.[6] The company has also entered multiple agreements to purchase current and future production of sustainable aviation fuel as part of its emissions reduction goals, though it has cautioned that SAF supply remains limited in scale and significantly more expensive than conventional jet fuel.[6] Under Isom, American has prioritized debt reduction over returning cash to shareholders: the company made no share repurchases and paid no cash dividends on its common stock in either 2024 or 2025, and American's own 2025 annual report attributed part of its reduced interest expense that year to lower outstanding debt as the company "continues to strengthen the balance sheet."[6]

In 2026, American marked the centennial of its predecessor airlines; the company's chairman wrote in the 2026 proxy statement that American was "executing on the strategy and initiatives that will drive value and shape American's next 100 years as a premium global airline," citing efforts under Isom to elevate the customer experience, strengthen the network and fleet, and increase the value of the loyalty program.[7]

Financial and market performance

American Airlines Group's total operating revenue rose from $29.9 billion in 2021, the year before Isom became chief executive, to $49.0 billion in 2022, $52.8 billion in 2023, $54.2 billion in 2024 and $54.6 billion in 2025.[20][6] Net income over the same period moved from a loss of $2.0 billion in 2021 to net income of $127 million in 2022, $822 million in 2023, $846 million in 2024 and $111 million in 2025, the last of which the company attributed in part to the revenue effects of the Flight 5342 accident and softer domestic travel demand earlier in the year.[6] Diluted earnings per share followed a similar path, falling from $1.21 in 2023 and $1.24 in 2024 to $0.17 in 2025.[6] Headcount grew from approximately 132,100 active full time equivalent employees at the end of 2023 to approximately 139,100 at the end of 2025, about 86 percent of whom were represented by labor unions.[21][6] At the operating subsidiary level, American Airlines, Inc.'s debt and finance lease obligations declined from $27.7 billion at the end of 2023 to $25.3 billion at the end of 2025, consistent with the company's stated priority of strengthening its balance sheet during Isom's tenure.[6]

American's share performance has been more volatile than its revenue growth. According to the company's own stock performance comparison, $100 invested in American Airlines Group common stock on 31 December 2020 would have been worth $114 at the end of 2021, $81 at the end of 2022, the year Isom became chief executive, $87 at the end of 2023, $111 at the end of 2024 and $97 at the end of 2025, a performance that trailed both the S&P 500 index and, in most years, the NYSE Arca Airline Index over the same period.[6] As of 30 June 2025, the aggregate market value of American Airlines Group common stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $7.4 billion, with about 660 million shares outstanding as of February 2026.[6]

Isom's own reported compensation has fluctuated with the company's results and with one-time awards tied to his promotion. American's summary compensation table shows his total reported pay at $4.9 million for 2022, the year of his promotion to chief executive, a figure the compensation committee itself noted was considerably below the $9.6 million and $9.8 million earned that year by the chief executives of Delta Air Lines and United Airlines respectively, and even below the $7.1 million Isom had earned in 2019 as president.[7] Isom's reported total rose to $31.4 million for 2023, consisting of a $1.3 million salary, a $2.75 million bonus, $19.5 million in stock awards, $7.8 million in non-equity incentive compensation and $110,002 in other compensation; the compensation committee attributed the increase to one-time, non-recurring promotion related equity awards intended to address the fact that Isom had served as chief executive for more than 18 months without being compensated at that level.[7] His total reported compensation was $15.6 million for 2024, comprising a $1.3 million salary, $11.25 million in stock awards, a $3.0 million non-equity incentive payment and $59,923 in other compensation, and $13.9 million for 2025, comprising the same $1.3 million salary, $12.5 million in stock awards, no short term incentive award, and $82,825 in other compensation.[7] His base salary has remained $1.3 million a year since 2023.[7]

Board memberships and outside roles

Isom chairs Airlines for America, the trade association for the principal United States airlines, and chairs the governing board of the oneworld airline alliance, of which American is a founding member, while also sitting on oneworld's compensation committee.[7] He is a member of the International Air Transport Association's board of governors and of the Airlink Governor's Council, an organization that coordinates airline support for humanitarian relief efforts.[7] He also serves on the boards of the Fort Worth Economic Development Partnership and, through its Civic Committee, the Commercial Club of Chicago, and is a member of the Charlotte Executive Leadership Council, reflecting American's major hub cities.[7] Earlier in his career, from 2003 to 2005, Isom served as a director of Pinnacle Airlines Corporation, a regional carrier listed on the New York Stock Exchange that later became a wholly owned subsidiary of Delta Air Lines.[7]

In March 2022, shortly before becoming chief executive, Isom was named by then Department of Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas to the department's Homeland Security Advisory Council, a panel of private sector and civic leaders that advises the secretary on homeland security matters.[12] Within American Airlines Group, Isom is a member of the board of directors but not its chairman; John T. Cahill, an independent director since 2013, serves as chairman of the board.[7]

Controversies

American's pilots and flight attendants both took formal steps toward strike action during Isom's first years as chief executive before contracts were ultimately reached; the pilots' union authorized a strike in May 2023 after rejecting an earlier company pay offer, and the flight attendants' union told members in mid-2024 to prepare for a strike after Isom's decision to offer a pay increase directly to employees rather than through the union's bargaining committee.[13][15] The Association of Professional Flight Attendants characterized Isom's direct outreach to its members as an attempt to undermine collective bargaining.[15]

The January 2025 collision involving American Eagle Flight 5342 led to lawsuits against American Airlines, its regional subsidiary PSA Airlines, and the United States government, filed by families of passengers killed in the crash, which remained pending as of the company's most recent annual report.[6] Isom and other American executives travelled to Washington in the days following the crash and held public briefings on the company's response.[18]

Isom has made political contributions to candidates and committees of both major American political parties as well as to American Airlines' corporate political action committee. Contribution records that identify the donor's employer as American Airlines or US Airways show gifts during the 2016 election cycle to, among others, Friends of John McCain Inc., Jeff Flake for US Senate, Bill Shuster for Congress, Hillary for America, Claire McCaskill's and Kelly Ayotte's Senate campaigns, and Ted Cruz's presidential campaign, as well as recurring monthly gifts to the American Airlines Inc. political action committee.[22] A similar pattern, including contributions identified with his role as American's president, continued through the 2020 election cycle, with gifts to Gary Peters' Michigan Senate campaign and to the Senate campaign committee led by Mitch McConnell, alongside continued monthly payments to the American Airlines PAC.[23] Records aggregated under the name "Robert Isom" by campaign finance trackers also include contributions by a different individual of the same name, identified in the same database as a laborer at ArcelorMittal in Indiana who gave to a steelworkers' union political fund; those contributions are unrelated to the airline executive and are excluded here.

In 2025, American Airlines, as a company, issued a public statement supporting provisions of the federal budget reconciliation legislation known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, stating that American "stands in strong support of the much-needed funding to bolster and modernize our air traffic control system" contained in the bill; the statement was published among corporate endorsements on the White House website and was attributed to the company rather than to Isom individually.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ <ref>"American Airlines Group Inc. 2026 Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A)".U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.28 April 2026.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  2. ↑ <ref>"American Airlines Announces Leadership Succession Plan".American Airlines Group Inc. (SEC filing, Exhibit 99.1).7 December 2021.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  3. ↑ <ref>"Robert Isom, President".American Airlines (via Internet Archive, captured 8 January 2021).8 January 2021.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 <ref>Arnold, Kyle."Who is Robert Isom, American Airlines' next CEO?".8 December 2021.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 <ref>"DCA25MA108".National Transportation Safety Board.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 <ref>"American Airlines Group Inc. and American Airlines, Inc. Annual Report (Form 10-K) for fiscal year 2025".U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.18 February 2026.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 <ref>"American Airlines Group Inc. 2026 Proxy Statement, director and executive biography of Robert D. Isom".U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.28 April 2026.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  8. ↑ <ref>"American Airlines Group Inc. 2025 Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A)".U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.28 April 2025.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 <ref>"Robert Isom, President".American Airlines (via Internet Archive, captured 8 January 2021).8 January 2021.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 <ref>"American Airlines Announces Leadership Succession Plan".American Airlines Group Inc. (SEC filing, Exhibit 99.1).7 December 2021.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 <ref>Henry, John."Robert Isom to Succeed Doug Parker as American Airlines' Top Executive".7 December 2021.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 <ref>"Mayorkas Announces 33 New Homeland Security Advisory Council Members, Names Jamie Gorelick Co-Chair".HSToday (via Internet Archive, captured 18 March 2022).17 March 2022.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 <ref>Koenig, David."American Airlines Announces Deal With the Pilots' Union on a New Contract".19 May 2023.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  14. ↑ <ref>"American Flight Attendants Prepare For Strike As Negotiations Fail".One Mile at a Time.June 2024.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 <ref>"American Flight Attendants Prepare For Strike As Negotiations Fail".One Mile at a Time.June 2024.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  16. ↑ <ref>Josephs, Leslie."American Airlines flight attendants ratify new contract with immediate raises topping 20%".12 September 2024.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  17. ↑ <ref>"American Airlines Group Inc. and American Airlines, Inc. Annual Report (Form 10-K) for fiscal year 2024, Labor Relations".U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.19 February 2025.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 <ref>Irwin, Lauren."American Airlines CEO expresses 'deep sorrow' over crash near DC".30 January 2025.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  19. ↑ <ref>"American Airlines Group Inc. and American Airlines, Inc. Annual Report (Form 10-K) for fiscal year 2023".U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.21 February 2024.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  20. ↑ <ref>"American Airlines Group Inc. Annual Report (Form 10-K) for fiscal year 2023, Selected Consolidated Financial Data".U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.21 February 2024.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  21. ↑ <ref>"American Airlines Group Inc. Annual Report (Form 10-K) for fiscal year 2023, Human Capital".U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.21 February 2024.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  22. ↑ <ref>"Robert Isom 2016 Cycle Campaign Contributions".CampaignMoney.com.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  23. ↑ <ref>"Robert Isom Campaign Contributions, All Cycles".CampaignMoney.com.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
  24. ↑ <ref>"One Big Beautiful Bill Act, Endorsements".The White House.Retrieved 28 September 2026.</ref>
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