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Emmett Shear

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Emmett Shear
Emmett Shear
Shear at Web Summit in 2018
Born
Seattle, Washington, United States
NationalityAmerican
EducationYale University (BS, computer science, 2005)
OccupationEntrepreneur, investor
CompanyJustin.tv / Twitch, Y Combinator, Softmax
TitleCo-founder and chief executive officer, Softmax

Emmett Shear (born 1983) is an American technology entrepreneur and investor. He co-founded the live video site Justin.tv in 2007 and led its gaming-focused spin-off, Twitch, as chief executive officer from 2011 until his resignation in March 2023.[1] Twitch was acquired by Amazon in 2014 for approximately $970 million, then the largest acquisition in Amazon's history.[2][3]

Shear has also worked as a part-time and later visiting group partner at the startup accelerator Y Combinator since 2011, advising early-stage companies.[4] In November 2023, he was named interim chief executive of the artificial intelligence company OpenAI for approximately three days during the board crisis that saw the removal and subsequent reinstatement of Sam Altman.[5][6] He has publicly described himself as concerned about existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence, placing his own subjective probability of an AI-driven catastrophe, his "P(doom)", at between five and fifty percent.[7]

In March 2025, Shear co-founded Softmax, an artificial intelligence alignment research company in San Francisco, together with Adam Goldstein and David Bloomin, and serves as its chief executive.[8] As of late 2026 he continues to lead Softmax and remains associated with Y Combinator.[9]

Early life and education

Shear was born in 1983 and grew up in the Seattle, Washington area.[10] He attended Yale University, where he studied computer science and became close with fellow students Justin Kan and Michael Seibel.[11][12] Shear graduated from Yale in 2005 with a Bachelor of Science in computer science.[13]

While still students, Shear and Kan built Kiko, a web-based calendar application, and applied it to the first batch of the newly formed startup accelerator Y Combinator in the summer of 2005.[14] Kiko struggled to compete after Google launched the free Google Calendar service, and Shear and Kan sold the product directly to its users before auctioning the company itself on eBay.[15] The auction closed on 6 September 2006 with a winning bid of $250,000 from Elliot Noss, chief executive of the domain registrar Tucows, after a late surge of competing bids in the auction's final minutes.[16]

Career

Y Combinator and Kiko, 2005 to 2006

Shear and Kan were members of Y Combinator's first cohort in 2005, one of the accelerator's earliest bets before it grew into a backer of companies such as Airbnb, Coinbase and Stripe.[17] After Kiko was sold, Shear and Kan looked for a new venture and settled on the idea of a continuous, personal live video broadcast.[18]

Justin.tv, 2007 to 2011

On 19 March 2007, Shear launched Justin.tv together with Kan, Seibel and Kyle Vogt, a site built around a continuous webcam feed of Kan's daily life, a format later described as lifecasting.[19] Vogt, who had just finished his junior year at MIT, dropped out to join the founding team.[20] Justin.tv later opened to allow any user to broadcast their own live channel, and the site organised its content into categories including gaming, which grew faster than any other category on the platform.

Twitch, 2011 to 2023

In June 2011, the Justin.tv team spun the gaming category off into its own site and brand, TwitchTV, named for the fast reflexes of competitive gaming, "twitch gameplay".[21] Shear became chief executive of the Justin.tv parent company on 29 August 2011 and, as Twitch overtook Justin.tv as the company's core product, led the rebranding of the business around the Twitch name; the original Justin.tv site was shut down on 5 August 2014.

Twitch grew quickly on the strength of video game streaming, reporting more than 55 million unique monthly visitors, in excess of one million broadcasters and more than 15 billion minutes of video watched per month by the summer of 2014.[22] On 25 August 2014, Amazon announced it would acquire Twitch for approximately $970 million in cash, after Google had reportedly discussed a similar-sized deal for the company only a month earlier.[23] Shear said the company had chosen Amazon "because they believe in our community, they share our values and long-term vision," and that Twitch would keep its own office, brand and independence within Amazon.[24] Jeff Bezos, then Amazon's chief executive, said "broadcasting and watching gameplay is a global phenomenon and Twitch has built a platform that brings together tens of millions of people who watch billions of minutes of games each month."[25]

Under Shear, Twitch continued to expand beyond gaming into categories such as Just Chatting, music, cooking and creative content, and the platform came to serve, in Shear's own later description, "over a million concurrent viewers daily" across its various categories.[26] Amazon does not disclose Twitch's revenue as a separate line item in its financial reporting, so no independently audited figures for Twitch's revenue or profitability under Shear are publicly available.

Shear announced his resignation as Twitch's chief executive on 16 March 2023, ending a run of just over 16 years leading the company from its Justin.tv origins.[27] In a blog post, he linked the decision to the recent birth of his first child, writing that "at 16 years old it feels to me Twitch is ready to move out of the house and venture alone," and that he was "now a father and ready to move to my next phase of life."[28] Twitch president Dan Clancy became chief executive immediately, while Shear said he would remain with the company in an advisory capacity.[29] Four days after Shear's departure, on 20 March 2023, Clancy announced Twitch would lay off more than 400 employees, saying "user and revenue growth has not kept pace with our expectations"; the cuts were announced alongside a wider round of roughly 9,000 job losses across Amazon.[30]

Y Combinator, 2011 to present

Alongside his role at Twitch, Shear became a part-time partner at Y Combinator in 2011, advising newly admitted startups on product and strategy in each batch, and he later took on the role of visiting group partner.[31][32]

OpenAI, November 2023

On 17 November 2023, OpenAI's board of directors removed co-founder Sam Altman as chief executive, saying he had not been "consistently candid" with the board, and named chief technology officer Mira Murati interim chief executive.[33] Over the following two days the board attempted and failed to negotiate Altman's return, and on 19 November it instead appointed Shear as OpenAI's interim chief executive, a decision he announced publicly on the social platform X on 20 November 2023.[34][35]

Shear said he took the position because he believed "OpenAI is one of the most important companies currently in existence," and moved to reassure staff and partners on several fronts: he said the board had not removed Altman "over any specific disagreement on safety," that their reasoning was "completely different," and that he was "not crazy enough to take this job without board support for commercialising" OpenAI's models.[36] He also said the handling of Altman's removal "has been handled very badly, which has seriously damaged our trust," and pledged to appoint an independent investigator to examine the process leading up to the removal and to pursue governance changes depending on what the inquiry found.[37][38]

His appointment was immediately contested inside OpenAI. Reports said several hundred of the company's roughly 770 employees threatened to resign in protest and to follow Altman to Microsoft, which had offered to hire Altman, OpenAI co-founder Greg Brockman and any colleagues who joined them to lead a new internal research team.[39] It was reported that Shear had privately told colleagues he would resign if the board could not produce evidence justifying Altman's removal.[40]

On 21 November 2023, after further negotiation involving Microsoft chief executive Satya Nadella, OpenAI's board agreed to reinstate Altman as chief executive under a reconstituted board, ending Shear's tenure after roughly three days.[41] Marking his own account of the episode as roughly 72 hours of work, Shear wrote on X: "I am deeply pleased by this result, after ~72 very intense hours of work. Coming into OpenAI, I wasn't sure what the right path would be. This was the pathway that maximized safety alongside doing right by all stakeholders involved. I'm glad to have been a part of the solution."[42]

Shear's appointment also drew scrutiny of his past public statements on social media, which technology press described as including provocative posts on debates such as fringe internet subcultures; Shear did not directly address the resurfaced posts during his brief tenure.[43]

Softmax, 2025 to present

In March 2025, Shear co-founded Softmax, an artificial intelligence company based in San Francisco, with Adam Goldstein and David Bloomin, launching with about ten employees.[44] The company raised an undisclosed seed round from investors including Andreessen Horowitz, Lionheart Ventures and Plural.[45] Softmax pursues what Shear calls "organic alignment," an approach to artificial intelligence safety modelled on how decentralised biological systems, such as ant colonies or the cells of a body, coordinate while individual units retain their own identity, in contrast to what he describes as the more hierarchical "steering and control" model used by most large foundation-model companies.[46] Shear said the OpenAI crisis "was a wakeup call for me... I wanted to be part of AI because what's going on is really important," and that his central lesson from the episode was that the industry needed "a real source of alignment."[47] As of 2026, Shear continues to serve as Softmax's chief executive and has continued speaking publicly on AI alignment, including scheduled appearances at industry conferences.[48]

Leadership and management style

Shear ran Twitch for more than a decade as a founder-chief executive who stayed closely engaged with the platform's creator community, a style visible in his direct, personal responses to individual controversies rather than only formal corporate statements. When a pornographic video was surfaced by Twitch's automated recommendation system on the channel of top streamer Tyler "Ninja" Blevins in August 2019, Shear apologised to Blevins directly on Twitter rather than only through a corporate statement, writing "it wasn't our intent, but it should not have happened. No excuses," and Twitch suspended the recommendation feature responsible and permanently banned the account that posted the video.[49]

He also spoke candidly about the limits of Twitch's own moderation system, at one point acknowledging that the company had "not always been consistent in our enforcement in the past," a comment made amid streamer complaints about uneven bans and enforcement.[50] As chief executive, his public response to platform crises typically combined an admission that the company's existing tools were inadequate with an announcement of new headcount, filtering technology or moderation categories rather than a defence of the status quo, a pattern repeated in Twitch's responses to harassment campaigns, gambling-related fraud and content-policy disputes described in the Controversies section below.

At OpenAI, Shear's brief tenure showed a similarly direct communication style: rather than issuing a single formal statement, he used his personal account on X to lay out a 30-day plan, address rumours about the board's motivations point by point, and commit to a specific investigatory process, a level of public, first-person engagement that was unusual for an interim chief executive of a company of OpenAI's size.[51]

Major deals and strategic decisions

The defining strategic decision of Shear's career was the 2011 pivot of the Justin.tv business away from general lifecasting and toward a dedicated gaming-video platform, TwitchTV, after gaming content proved to be the fastest-growing category on the original site; that spin-off product eventually eclipsed its parent, and the original Justin.tv service was shut down in 2014 once Twitch had become the core business.[52]

The second defining deal was the sale of Twitch to Amazon, announced 25 August 2014 for approximately $970 million in cash, which followed reported acquisition talks with Google of a similar size roughly a month earlier.[53] Shear and Twitch's board chose Amazon's offer over Google's, and Shear framed the choice around Amazon's stated commitment to leaving Twitch's brand, office and community intact, rather than folding the service into YouTube.[54]

Within Twitch, Shear's tenure included the 2022 decision to prohibit streams of unlicensed online gambling sites offering slots, roulette and dice games, after prominent streamers organised a threatened boycott ("A Content Break") over a scandal in which one Twitch streamer, ItsSliker, admitted defrauding other creators and viewers out of an estimated $200,000 to fund a gambling habit.[55] The ban, which took effect on 18 October 2022 and named sites including Stake.com, Rollbit.com, Duelbits.com and Roobet.com, stopped short of prohibiting sports betting, fantasy sports or poker streams.[56]

At OpenAI, Shear's central strategic act in his three days as chief executive was to commit publicly to an independent, outside investigation into the circumstances of Altman's removal before making any other structural decisions, and to state that he would not have taken the role at all without an understanding that the board supported continuing to commercialise OpenAI's models rather than winding down product work.[57]

Financial and market performance

At the time of the Amazon acquisition in August 2014, Twitch reported more than 55 million unique visitors per month, more than 1 million broadcasters and more than 15 billion minutes of video watched monthly.[58] The $970 million cash price represented roughly a fifth of Amazon's cash reserves at the time and was, at that point, the largest acquisition in the company's 21-year history.[59]

Because Amazon has never broken out Twitch as a separate reporting segment, there are no audited figures for Twitch's revenue, profit or valuation for any point during Shear's tenure as chief executive. Days after Shear's March 2023 resignation, incoming chief executive Dan Clancy announced that Twitch would lay off more than 400 employees, saying the platform's "user and revenue growth has not kept pace with our expectations," as part of a wider approximately 9,000-role reduction across Amazon's businesses.[60] Shear had already left the company by the time that reduction was announced and was not reported to have taken part in the decision.

Board memberships and outside roles

Shear has served as a part-time and later visiting group partner at Y Combinator since 2011, a role in which he advises founders in the accelerator's startup batches on product and strategy, continuing alongside his chief executive roles at Twitch, OpenAI and Softmax.[61]

Controversies

Twitch's moderation practices drew sustained criticism during Shear's time as chief executive. In August 2019, the platform's automated channel-recommendation system surfaced a pornographic video on the page of top streamer Tyler "Ninja" Blevins over a weekend; Twitch suspended the feature and banned the responsible account, and Shear personally apologised to Blevins.[62]

In the summer of 2021, Twitch was targeted by waves of coordinated "hate raids," in which bot accounts flooded the chat channels of streamers, disproportionately targeting Black and LGBTQ creators, with racist and antisemitic messages.[63] Affected streamers organised a "#ADayOffTwitch" boycott, in which marginalised creators withheld their streams for a day to draw attention to the harassment; Twitch responded by saying it needed to do more and rolled out updated chat-filtering tools intended to detect hate speech, a response many of the affected creators described as insufficient.[64][65]

That same year, Twitch faced criticism over the rapid growth of so-called "hot tub" streams, in which streamers, mostly women, appeared in swimwear in inflatable pools; the category drew complaints both from viewers who considered it exploitative of female creators and from women streamers who said the content and its associated harassment spilled over onto their own channels. Twitch created a dedicated "Pools, Hot Tubs, and Beaches" category to separate the content from its general "Just Chatting" section, and Shear acknowledged publicly that the company had "not always been consistent in our enforcement in the past" on related moderation questions.[66]

In 2022, Twitch banned livestreams promoting unlicensed online gambling sites after a streamer, ItsSliker, admitted to defrauding fellow creators and viewers of roughly $200,000 to fund a gambling addiction, prompting an organised streamer boycott and calls for Twitch to act; the ban took effect on 18 October 2022 and covered slots, roulette and dice-game sites while leaving sports betting, fantasy sports and poker untouched.[67]

Shear's appointment as OpenAI's interim chief executive in November 2023 was itself accompanied by controversy: reports in the technology press highlighted a history of provocative posts on his personal social media account, and hundreds of OpenAI's roughly 770 employees signed a letter threatening to resign if the board that appointed him did not itself resign and reinstate Altman.[68][69] Shear's tenure ended after roughly three days when the board reversed course and reinstated Altman, a resolution some commentary characterised as leaving unclear what, if anything, his brief chief executive term had accomplished.[70]

Personal life

Shear has said that the birth of his first child around early 2023 was a significant factor in his decision to step down as Twitch's chief executive that March, writing that he was "now a father and ready to move to my next phase of life."[71] He has generally kept details of his family life out of public reporting.

Shear has spoken repeatedly and publicly about his concerns over the potential for advanced artificial intelligence to cause catastrophic harm, describing his own "P(doom)", the probability he assigns to an AI-caused existential catastrophe, as falling somewhere between five and fifty percent.[72]

Recognition

Shear and his Justin.tv co-founders were included in Inc. magazine's "30 Under 30" list in 2009, in recognition of the company they had built together.[73]

See also

References

  1. ↑ <ref>"Twitch CEO Emmett Shear is stepping down".TechCrunch.16 March 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  2. ↑ <ref>"Amazon.com to Acquire Twitch".Amazon.com, Inc..25 August 2014.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  3. ↑ <ref>"Amazon's $970M acquisition of Twitch is largest in its history".GeekWire.25 August 2014.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  4. ↑ <ref>"What to know about OpenAI's new interim CEO Emmett Shear".Fox Business.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  5. ↑ <ref>"Who Is Emmett Shear, OpenAI's New CEO?".Time.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  6. ↑ <ref>"What to know about new OpenAI interim CEO Emmett Shear".ABC News.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  7. ↑ <ref>"What to know about OpenAI's new interim CEO Emmett Shear".Fox Business.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  8. ↑ <ref>"Exclusive: Emmett Shear Is Back With a New Company and A Lot of Alignment".Core Memory.March 2025.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  9. ↑ <ref>"Emmett Shear".HumanX.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  10. ↑ <ref>"What to know about OpenAI's new interim CEO Emmett Shear".Fox Business.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  11. ↑ <ref>"Local Graduates, Business Success Stories: Chunks of Change".Daily Nutmeg.14 May 2021.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  12. ↑ <ref>"Kiko".Y Combinator.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  13. ↑ <ref>"What to know about OpenAI's new interim CEO Emmett Shear".Fox Business.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  14. ↑ <ref>"Kiko".Y Combinator.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  15. ↑ <ref>"Interview With Kiko Acquiror Elliot Noss".TechCrunch.6 September 2006.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  16. ↑ <ref>"Interview With Kiko Acquiror Elliot Noss".TechCrunch.6 September 2006.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  17. ↑ <ref>"What to know about OpenAI's new interim CEO Emmett Shear".Fox Business.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  18. ↑ <ref>"Kiko".Y Combinator.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  19. ↑ <ref>"Who Founded Twitch? The Surprising Backstory and Key Founders Behind the Streaming Giant".We Are Founders.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  20. ↑ <ref>"Who Founded Twitch? The Surprising Backstory and Key Founders Behind the Streaming Giant".We Are Founders.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  21. ↑ <ref>"Emmett Shear".TED.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  22. ↑ <ref>"Amazon.com to Acquire Twitch".Amazon.com, Inc..25 August 2014.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  23. ↑ <ref>"Amazon's $970M acquisition of Twitch is largest in its history".GeekWire.25 August 2014.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  24. ↑ <ref>"Amazon's $970M acquisition of Twitch is largest in its history".GeekWire.25 August 2014.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  25. ↑ <ref>"Amazon.com to Acquire Twitch".Amazon.com, Inc..25 August 2014.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  26. ↑ <ref>"Emmett Shear".TED.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  27. ↑ <ref>"Twitch CEO Emmett Shear is stepping down".TechCrunch.16 March 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  28. ↑ <ref>"Twitch CEO Emmett Shear is stepping down".TechCrunch.16 March 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  29. ↑ <ref>"Twitch CEO Emmett Shear is stepping down".TechCrunch.16 March 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  30. ↑ <ref>"Twitch says it will lay off 400 employees".TechCrunch.20 March 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  31. ↑ <ref>"What to know about OpenAI's new interim CEO Emmett Shear".Fox Business.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  32. ↑ <ref>"Emmett Shear".TED.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  33. ↑ <ref>"What to know about new OpenAI interim CEO Emmett Shear".ABC News.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  34. ↑ <ref>"Shear Takes Over As OpenAI Interim Chief, Promises Probe".Silicon UK.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  35. ↑ <ref>"What to know about new OpenAI interim CEO Emmett Shear".ABC News.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  36. ↑ <ref>"Shear Takes Over As OpenAI Interim Chief, Promises Probe".Silicon UK.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  37. ↑ <ref>"What to know about new OpenAI interim CEO Emmett Shear".ABC News.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  38. ↑ <ref>"Shear Takes Over As OpenAI Interim Chief, Promises Probe".Silicon UK.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  39. ↑ <ref>"What to know about new OpenAI interim CEO Emmett Shear".ABC News.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  40. ↑ <ref>"Who Is Emmett Shear, OpenAI's New CEO?".Time.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  41. ↑ <ref>"Former OpenAI CEO: My Work Here Is Done".Gizmodo.22 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  42. ↑ <ref>"Former OpenAI CEO: My Work Here Is Done".Gizmodo.22 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  43. ↑ <ref>"Emmett Shear, OpenAI's new CEO, has a long history of questionable tweets".VentureBeat.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  44. ↑ <ref>"Exclusive: Emmett Shear Is Back With a New Company and A Lot of Alignment".Core Memory.March 2025.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  45. ↑ <ref>"Exclusive: Emmett Shear Is Back With a New Company and A Lot of Alignment".Core Memory.March 2025.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  46. ↑ <ref>"Softmax, Emmett Shear's new AI startup focused on "organic alignment"".AI Alignment Forum.2025.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  47. ↑ <ref>"Exclusive: Emmett Shear Is Back With a New Company and A Lot of Alignment".Core Memory.March 2025.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  48. ↑ <ref>"Emmett Shear".HumanX.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  49. ↑ <ref>"Twitch Apologizes to Ninja After Porn Video Appears on His Channel".Fortune.12 August 2019.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  50. ↑ <ref>"Twitch hot tub streams lead to a surge in toxic comments".Screen Shot.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  51. ↑ <ref>"Shear Takes Over As OpenAI Interim Chief, Promises Probe".Silicon UK.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  52. ↑ <ref>"Emmett Shear".TED.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  53. ↑ <ref>"Amazon's $970M acquisition of Twitch is largest in its history".GeekWire.25 August 2014.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  54. ↑ <ref>"Amazon's $970M acquisition of Twitch is largest in its history".GeekWire.25 August 2014.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  55. ↑ <ref>"Twitch is banning major gambling websites in October".Engadget.2022.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  56. ↑ <ref>"Twitch is banning major gambling websites in October".Engadget.2022.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  57. ↑ <ref>"Shear Takes Over As OpenAI Interim Chief, Promises Probe".Silicon UK.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  58. ↑ <ref>"Amazon.com to Acquire Twitch".Amazon.com, Inc..25 August 2014.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  59. ↑ <ref>"Amazon's $970M acquisition of Twitch is largest in its history".GeekWire.25 August 2014.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  60. ↑ <ref>"Twitch says it will lay off 400 employees".TechCrunch.20 March 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  61. ↑ <ref>"What to know about OpenAI's new interim CEO Emmett Shear".Fox Business.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  62. ↑ <ref>"Twitch Apologizes to Ninja After Porn Video Appears on His Channel".Fortune.12 August 2019.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  63. ↑ <ref>"Twitch users boycott the platform to protest 'hate raid' harassment".NPR.1 September 2021.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  64. ↑ <ref>"Twitch users boycott the platform to protest 'hate raid' harassment".NPR.1 September 2021.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  65. ↑ <ref>"With 'A Day Off Twitch,' Marginalized Creators Highlight The Plague Of 'Hate Raids'".Forbes.1 September 2021.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  66. ↑ <ref>"Twitch hot tub streams lead to a surge in toxic comments".Screen Shot.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  67. ↑ <ref>"Twitch is banning major gambling websites in October".Engadget.2022.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  68. ↑ <ref>"Emmett Shear, OpenAI's new CEO, has a long history of questionable tweets".VentureBeat.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  69. ↑ <ref>"What to know about new OpenAI interim CEO Emmett Shear".ABC News.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  70. ↑ <ref>"Former OpenAI CEO: My Work Here Is Done".Gizmodo.22 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  71. ↑ <ref>"Twitch CEO Emmett Shear is stepping down".TechCrunch.16 March 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  72. ↑ <ref>"What to know about OpenAI's new interim CEO Emmett Shear".Fox Business.20 November 2023.Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
  73. ↑ <ref>"30 Under 30 2009 - JustinTV Profile".Inc..Retrieved 26 September 2026.</ref>
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